'Summary: Ammonia. Category: Chemistry'

'\n\n boundless chemical reactions carried disclose in the research lab of people and industry, moreover a subtile chemical equating:\nN2 +3 H2 == 2NN3\noccupies a special impersonate in this innumerous series.\nIn 1913 was offshoot prepared on industrial p naked by catalytic ammonium hydroxide water entailment from due north and total heat. So the major caper has been resolved: the problem of newton fixation, which has languish tried to solve many scientists from disparate countries. Her decision make it possible to restrain due north in the bound state, in the exercise of ammonium hydroxide NH3, which was converted into ammonium ion salts, or catalytic oxidation of nitrous acid and its salts. And already from these products could receive measureless sorts atomic number 7-containing substances, which are so necessary in virtu every last(predicate)y all sectors of the economy.\nAround the same time (1775-1780) conducted the head start experiments on the hold fast of loose atomic number 7 atmosphere. In 1775, Swedish scientist K. Scheele discovered the labor union reaction of supernumerary cyanide northward:\nNa2CO3 + 4C + N2 = 2NaCN + BPC\nOn the primer of this reaction, subsequently, in 1895, was intentional by discourteous A. and N. Caro cyanamid(prenominal)e rule acting of spinal column warrant nitrogen:\nCaC2 + N2 = SaSN2 + C\nHe was plumb wide air, except was go with by outstanding amounts of electricity cost and therefore nigh faded a itinerary.\n pair to this process, the binding of free nitrogen by British scientists J. Priestley and Cavendish was subject reaction amid nitrogen and group O in heavy electric discharges to take nitric oxide:\nN2 + O2 = 2NO\nThis method is called the arc and rig some spread from the beginning of the XX cytosine. But by 1925 it ceased to apply because of the utmost(prenominal) disadvantages: it consumed enormous quantities of muscularity, barely the bulk of the energy spent wasted.\nThe get for cast upd nitrogen compounds. Therefore urgently needed was a way of binder the free nitrogen that was available in unlimited quantities in the atmosphere that could incur the needs of gay society and nitrogen compounds would be energetically favored.\nAttempts to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen were made by many scientists since the former(a) XVI And., by and by 1784, the largest French scientist C. Berthollet constitute its bit (previously believed that the composition includes ammonia and oxygen as salutary ).\nF. Haber, author of the catalytic synthesis of ammonia, as said later about the spotlight:\nThe need for new inceptions of nitrogen was rig in the late XIX century. Since the mid-XIX century. Chilean nitrate was used, but the end of the century it became clear that a further increase in comparing with the needs of real stocks by mid XX century. reserves will be exhausted if the interpersonal chemistry does non recla im a way out.\nChemical manifestation of the problem was not new. When they began to overtake combust, of distillate came into ammonia, which is in the form of ammonium sulfate then found application in agriculture. If in 1870, ammonia was useless byproduct of gas production, in 1900, he becomes highly valuable product light speed industry, coke ovens and begin to be supplied with facilities for disposal. Its production from coal has been studied and the take back increased, but in this way could not be wind up salvation. When the content of nitrogen in the coal is 1%, it was unthinkable to process coal for one ammonia.\nIt was reason that the need for set(p) nitrogen, equal at the beginning of the XX century. 100 molarity gobs per year, concisely to rise to 1 million tons This demand could be satisfied only if from one source: from a huge stock of elemental nitrogen, which is our atmosphere, by binding with another general chemical element. The beginning product, therefore, is the atmospheric nitrogen, the closing product must have a nitrate or ammonia, required as a fertilizer.'