Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution free essay sample

The BSTI is a body corporate and its administrative Ministry is the Ministry of Industries. Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI), the only National Standards body of Bangladesh, is playing an important role in developing and promoting industrial Standardization. Keeping in view that Standardization, metrology, testing and quality control in the industrial spheres are the basic pre-requisite of the infrastructure necessary for sound economic development of the country, the Government of Bangladesh has established the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) with the merger of Bangladesh Standards Institution and the Central Testing Laboratories in 1985 through promulgating The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Ordinance, 1985(Ordinance XXXVII of 1985). BSTI is the member of the following organizations: The Institution so formed has become member of the International Organization for standardization (ISO) in 1974. At present, BSTI is the Member/Affiliate Member/ Contact Point/ Nodal Point of the following International/Regional Organizations: International Organization for Legal Metrology (OIML) Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) of FAO/WHO International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Asia Pacific Metrology Programme (APMP) Asian Forum for Information Technology (AFIT) ISO Information Network (ISO NET) Standing Group for Standardization, Metrology, Testing and Quality Historical development/origin/background/genesis of BSTI/How BSTI moves ahead? ?In 1946 Indian Standard Institute (ISI) was established at Delhi. We will write a custom essay sample on Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ?In 1956 ISI was changed as central testing laboratory in Dhaka. ?In 1958 central testing laboratory has been transferred into Karachi as Pakistan Standard Institute (PSI). ?A branch of PSI has been opened in Dhaka in 1963 but Pakistan acts as head office. After liberation war of Bangladesh Dhaka branch has been known as Bangladesh Standard Institute get membership of ISO in 1974. ?Finally the Government of Bangladesh has established the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) with the merger of Bangladesh Standards Institution and the Central Testing Laboratories in 1985 through promulgating The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Ordinance, 1985(Ordinance XXXVII of 1985). Regulations of BSTI 1. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Employee Service Rules, 1989. 2. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Rules 1989. 3. The Standards of Weights and Measures Rules 1982. 4. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Employee (Pension Gratuity Rules 2002). Functions: The Functions of the Institutions: (a) To set up Bangladesh Standards of quality and dimensions and prepare and promote the general adoption of standards on national and international  basis relating to materials, commodities, structures, practices and operations and, from time to time, to withdraw, revise, alter and amend the same; (b) To consider and recommend to the Government Bangladesh Standards for the measurement of length, weight mass, volume, and, energy; (c) To promote standardization, quality control, metrology and simplification in industry and commerce; (d) To secure compliance with the Bangladesh Standards adopted by the Institution by the producers a nd users; (e) To implement Bangladesh Standards through the administration of a national certification mark scheme or inspection of goods or both; (t) To provide or arrange facilities for examination, testing and inspection of commodities, processes and practices for any investigation, research or promotion of export that may be necessary and to issue test reports; (g) To certify the quality of commodities, materials, produces, products and other things including food materials, whether for local consumption, export or import; (h) To co ordinate the efforts of producers and users for the improvement of materials, products, code of practice, appliances, processes and methods, so as to eliminate the national waste of material and time involved in the production of an unnecessary variety of patterns and sizes of articles for one and the same purpose; To establish and publish, in such manner as may be prescribed, the Bangladesh Standard Specifications in relation to any article or process or code of practice; (j) to recognize, adopt or endorse as a Bangladesh Standard, in such manner as may be prescribed, any standard established by any other Institution in Bangladesh or in any foreign country, or by international organizations in relation to any article or process; (k) To specify a Standard Mark to be called the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Certification Mark which shall be of such design and contain such particulars as may be prescribed to represent a particular Bangladesh Standard; (l) To grant, renew, reject, suspend or cancel, in such manner as may be prescribed, a license for the use of Standard Mark; (m) To make such inspection and take such samples of any material or substance as may be necessary to see Whether any article or processin relation to which the Standard Mark has been used or proposed to be used conforms to the Bangladesh Standard or whether the Standard Mark has been improperly used in relation to any, article or process with or without license; (n) To utilize with the permission of the owners, the services of  laboratories other than those maintained by the Institution and approve such laboratories for the purpose of the Institution; (o) To make arrangements or provide for the facilities, for the testing and calibration of precision instruments, gauges and scientific apparatus and for the issue of certificates in regard thereto so as to make them comply with the required standards; To undertake execution of any trust or any agency business which it may consider conducive to the attainment of, its objectives; (q) To co operate with any person, association, or organization, outside Bangladesh having objectives, similar to those for which the Institution is established; and (r) To do all such acts and things ancillary, or incidental to any of the aforesaid, functions. Product Laveling Policy, 2006 There is a Product Labelling Policy, 2006 in Bangladesh. At present manufacturers/Impoters labell their product at their own choice. To realise the importance of national product labelling standards, BSTI took initiative to formulate this Product Labelling Policy. Manufacturers name, full address and Country of origin has been incorporated in the product labelling for all products. In addition, Ingredients, Composition, Batch no. , Code no. , Expiry date/Use best before on and other information which is necessary has been incorporated in Chemical, Agriculture and Food products. The weights and measures will be expressed in System International Units. In the 16th Council Meeting of BSTI held on a 10 (ten) members committee headed by Additional Secretary, Ministry of Industries was constituted for the preparation of the final recommendation of the labelling policy.

Sikhism Essays (1531 words) - Religion, Sikhism, Theism, Punjab

Sikhism SIKHISM Sikhism is a Religion of uniqueness. It has beliefs from two other religions; Hinduism and Islam (Borak 53). This religion is very scarce in the United States. The main area for Sikhs is in the Northwest India (Borak 53). I had never heard of this religion before, so that is the main reason why I chose to study this religion. I have found it very interesting and different. The Sikhs have many unique qualities. Sikhism dates back to a long time ago. Making it more modern, it was introduced near the closing of the 15th Century (Borak 53). Guru Nanak Dev originated it, now making it a minority group. The Sikhs are found generally around northwest India, or Punjab, but can also be found anywhere in the world (Borak 53). Sikhism has a very rare formation. This religion is a mixture of two other religions, known as Hinduism and Islam. This joining together is known as syncretism (Hopfe 188). The Hindus and Islams began to mix and some thought of joining the two together. Not everyone agreed so they decided to make a new religion with practices from both religions while still keeping Hinduism and Islam separate religions (Borak 54). From the Hindus, the reincarnation of Jesus was put into practice for this newly accepted religion and also they kept ?The True Name? sacred because He can do anything. One true God is used also as a practice, coming from the Islam beliefs (Hopfe 188). Its originality helps make this religion special in its own unique way. The Sikhs have many of their own beliefs but also the ones coming from Hinduism and Islam. The opening lines in their Holy Book, or Guru Granith Sahib, state ?There is one supreme eternal reality; the truth; immanent in all things; creator of all things; immanent in creation. With out fear and without hatred; not subject to time; beyond birth and death; self revealing?(Philosophy). This statement summarizes their basic teachings, also adding equality to their beliefs (Hopfe 198). They believe every human is of the same sex even though chastity is not allowed. Women are equal to all men. Sikhs do not believe in burning women, women wearing veils, or marriages to widows. There is no separation by creed, color, race, or sex (Philosophy). All people are equal. Sikhs believe to worship in temples known as Gurdwaras, also meaning Gateway to the Guru. Daily attachment to God helps you become closer to Him, believes Narm Marg (Philosophy). Also, faith grows within the community while worshipping at the Gurdwaras.(Richards, 198) Serving others is their center of worship (Richards 198). Among the Sikhs are three other religions, The Udasis, Sahajdharis, and the Singhs. The Udasis is an order of Holy Men who follow the same practices as Buddhist, Hindus, and Jainism. They are celibate and wear a yellow coarse garment like Buddhist monks or go naked like Jain monks. They have one possession, a begging bowl and they are also poorly shaven (Hopfe 180). On the other hand, Sahajdaris are very reasonable and very clean- people. They reject the militancy of the Sikhs (Hopfe 192). The Singhs are just a break off of the Sikhs. Sikhs believe in God but they worship by Gurus (Richards 198). Guru means leader (Hopfe 189). They also believe in Guru Granith Sahib and other writing by the ten Gurus. They do not believe in any other religion, though (Richards 198). God is the creator, maintainer, and distructer who can not take human form (Philosophy). He appears only in spirit by believing and can not appear in human (Richards 198). Their five cardinal vices are Kam, or lust, Krodah, or anger, Lobh, or greed, Moh, or wordly attachment, and Ahankar, or pride (Philosophy). Some of their beliefs and vices are the same as Catholics. Sikhism doesn't really have any hierarchy that I could find but they do have certain positions. There are ten Gurus who would serve as our priest do, but now they worship what the Gurus taught and by the Scripture (Hopfe 189). Gurus were the leaders. (See pages seven for a listing of the ten Gurus.) Their first Guru who was chosen April 5, 1469, the day Sikhism formed

Internet - Jungle essays

Internet - Jungle essays When I think of the Internet, I think of something that started out as absolutely nothing other than an idea. I think of something that meant nothing to advertisers or students doing research papers. When I think of the Internet I think of something that evolved into one of the worlds most powerful resources for communicating, and as we speak is becoming even greater. The expansion of the Internet is unprecedented. Television reached 50 million people in 13 years; the Internet took only four. And there are no signs that its growth is stopping. The Internet is going to keep becoming more powerful whether it is in the worlds best interests and whether the world is ready or not. The Internet was developed as a source of continuously updated information that would provide information to users about almost any topic that they needed. So why is it that users, especially teenagers and young adults use the Internet for other purposes that are against many cultures and traditions all over the world? The reason is probably the fact that the teenagers' parents do not talk with them. The teenagers are not told about what the Internet contains and so when they 'explore' on their own and come across uncensored pictures, etc. they think that they can use the Internet for such purposes. Their parents do not make them aware of their family values and so the children think that they can do anything they want. They should be told about what is accepted in their family and what is not. There are a myriad of potential detrimental effects of Internet globalization. For one there is the further marginalization of the global poor and disenfranchised, (particularly the functionally and computer illiterate). Also, the "unknown factor," the unintentional unleashing of destructive forces or creation of negative effects that we have no way of foreseeing. Next, the potential for abuses by governmental groups, individuals against Net users, etc. Ce...

Pericardiumâ€Anatomy and Function

Pericardium- Anatomy and Function The pericardium is the fluid-filled sac that surrounds the heart and the proximal ends of the aorta, venae cavae, and the pulmonary artery. The heart and pericardium are situated behind the sternum (breastbone) in a position in the middle of the chest cavity known as the mediastinum. The pericardium serves as an outer protective covering of the heart, a vital organ of the circulatory system and cardiovascular system. The primary function of the heart is to help circulate blood to the tissues and organs of the body. Function of the Pericardium The pericardium has several protective functions: Keeps the heart contained within the chest cavityPrevents the heart from over-expanding when blood volume increasesLimits heart motionReduces friction between the heart and surrounding tissuesProtects the heart against infection While the pericardium provides a number of valuable functions, it is not essential for life. The heart can maintain normal function without it. Pericardial Membranes The pericardium is divided into three membrane layers: Fibrous pericardium is the outer fibrous sac that covers the heart. It provides an outer protective layer that is attached to the sternum by  sternopericardial ligaments. Fibrous pericardium helps to keep the heart contained within the chest cavity. It also protects the heart from an infection that could potentially spread from nearby organs such as the lungs.Parietal pericardium is the layer between the fibrous pericardium and visceral pericardium. It is continuous with fibrous pericardium and provides an additional layer of insulation for the heart.Visceral pericardium is both the inner layer of the pericardium and the outer layer of the heart wall. Also known as the epicardium, this layer protects the inner heart layers and also assists in the production of pericardial fluid. Epicardium consists of connective tissue elastic fibers and adipose (fat) tissue, which help to support and protect the inner heart layers. Oxygen-rich blood is supplied to the epicardium and inner heart la yers by the coronary arteries. Pericardial Cavity The pericardial cavity lies between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium. This cavity is filled with pericardial fluid which serves as a shock absorber by reducing friction between the pericardial membranes. There are two pericardial sinuses that pass through the pericardial cavity. A sinus is a passageway or channel. The transverse pericardial sinus is positioned above the left atrium of the heart, anterior to the superior vena cava and posterior to the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta. The oblique pericardial sinus is situated posteriorly to the heart and is bounded by the inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins. Heart Exterior The surface layer of the heart (epicardium) is directly below the fibrous and parietal pericardium. The external heart surface contains grooves or sulci, which provide passageways for blood vessels of the heart. These sulci run along lines that separate atria from ventricles (atrioventricular sulcus) as well as right and left sides of ventricles (interventricular sulcus). Main blood vessels extending from the heart include the aorta, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, and venae cavae. Pericardial Disorders Pericarditis is a disorder of the pericardium in which the pericardium becomes swollen or inflamed. This inflammation disrupts normal heart function. Pericarditis can be acute (happens suddenly and over quickly) or chronic (happens over a period of time and lasts for a long time). Some causes of pericarditis include bacterial or viral infections, cancer, kidney failure, certain medicines, and heart attack. Pericardial effusion is a condition caused by the accumulation of large amounts of fluid between the pericardium and the heart. This condition can be caused by a number of other conditions that affect the pericardium, such as pericarditis. Cardiac tamponade is pressure build up on the heart due to excessive fluid or blood build up in the pericardium. This excess pressure does not allow the heart ventricles to fully expand. As a result, cardiac output is lowered and blood supply to the body is insufficient. This condition is most commonly caused by hemorrhage due to penetration of the pericardium. The pericardium may become damaged as a result of severe trauma to the chest, a knife or gunshot wound, or accidental puncture during a surgical procedure. Other possible causes of cardiac tamponade include cancer, heart attack, pericarditis, radiation therapy, kidney failure, and lupus.

Negative And Positive Impacts of Globalization On Developing And Essay

Negative And Positive Impacts of Globalization On Developing And Developed Countries - Essay Example This is because while the countries participate in international trade and allows for importation and exportation of commodities across their borders, the value of flow in the opposite directions is different. The countries export lowly valued products such as agricultural outputs at low costs to developed countries while they import highly valued finished industrial products at high costs. Globalization therefore induces a negative balance of trade on the developing countries, a factor that is reflected on the countries’ economic status (Simpson, 2007). Such has been the case in the Sub Saharan nations and their cities such as Lagos that rely on exportation of cheap commodities with limited bargaining power. Developing countries have also suffered from increased unemployment rates because o globalization with countries such as Nigeria and Kenya loosing as high as 30 percent opportunities to retrenchment (Oduwaye, 2006). The countries’ narrow market base for their expor ts identifies another negative effect of globalized trade. While most of the countries specialize in perishable agricultural commodities, their markets are narrowed to few countries, a factor that identifies high risks of market volatility. Economic instability in case of breached link between two economies therefore leads to loss in the value of commodities that cannot be stored for a long time. Such loses may also occur due to temporary diplomatic challenges and communication barriers. Declining trend in productivity of the countries’ exports has also worsened their trade deficits (Simpson, 2007). Developing countries have also failed to reap the full benefits of globalization especially with respect to capital transfer across territories. While... This paper stresses that developed countries have derived significant benefits from globalization, especially with respect to globalized trade. Specialization in fields of production has for example led to economic advantages towards higher revenues and living standards. Specialization for example allows for efficiencies and innovation towards cost effectiveness and development of diversified products for a wider market towards higher gross income. Globalization also avails cheap commodities in the developed countries to ensure affordability. Similarly, allowance for transfer of physical property, as has been the case in the United States’ industries has facilitated efficiencies in production processes. Mobility of intellectual property into developed countries also facilitates â€Å"technological developments and innovation† that can be applied for economic advantages. Most export industries also offer higher wage rate to their employees and this improves peopleâ€℠¢s economic and social status. Another benefit of globalization on developed countries is the freedom of movement of capital that allows their investors to explore countries whose interest rates are relatively lower than domestic rates. This report makes a conclusion that globalization has largely interlinked different part of the world through economic, social, and political integration. This is associated with a level of interdependence and identifies many impacts, negative and positive, on both developed and developing countries.

Safety in the workplace Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Safety in the workplace - Term Paper Example First of all, the organization including senior management should be very well aware about the risk factors and potential health hazards/ harms that might be present for workers. These possible harms may be electric cords, toxic chemicals, lead, paints, molds or lifting of heavy goods. It is very important to understand that these risk factors may have different effects. For example chemicals are toxic or explosive, electric cords might produce shocks or fire, excavations may collapse and heat or fire may burn the skins and organs etc. So, keeping in mind all these risk factors, senior administration of an organization should offer measures for the protection of their labors and workers. Organization should offer any policy or procedures that further ensure health of the workers and minimize the risk of work related injuries. Moreover, the rate of work related injuries can be minimized through proper training of workers. Training is the best way to eliminate fatalities. Next to train ing, fitness is also very important for work. Employees and workers should not involve in alcohol and drug activities, stress and fatigue. Worker should be fit emotionally as well as physically. Remember, odd factors can multiply the risk indicators at workplace. So, it is also the responsibility of the staff to provide safety equipments to workers. Beside this staff is also responsible to use these equipments at right time and place. Another way to ensure security guidelines to staff members and employees is an effort to conduct various assignments and workshops. Staff members should also attend the training on time and they should ask questions in case they are not getting the explanations. So, cooperation between workers and instructors may play a great and positive role towards success of safety at workplace program. Furthermore, when we talk about safety at workplace, it is also important to have a complete record of workers health at the time they are joining at any workplace. David P, Stevens also mentioned this concept in his article ‘Quality Lines’. According to him, the first computerized entry was promulgated by Leap Frog Group in America. This entry system came forward to ensure worker’s health care. It was an electronic health record which was valid certification at one end as well as improvement tool at the other. To avoid drug related issues, will change strategy was adopted. K.A Wilson also mentioned some reliable methods that can be adopted by organizations in order to carry out better outcomes regarding safety. As he mentioned in his article ‘Promoting Health Care Safety through training high reliability teams’ that there are several organizations working within a country that are using team methodology to achieve better outcomes regarding safety measures for workers at workplace. With the help of teams, safety as well as productivity both can be enhanced. However, the effectiveness of these teams may differ. Those working in small environments can produce better outcomes as compared to those working in complex organizations. The level of complexity is inversely proportion to effectiveness. However, some organizations have quite disciplined atmosphere like aviation and nuclear power. In such associations despite of all complexities, organizations may maintain and balance effectiveness along with safety. Actually values of any organization and its overall behavior play a

Self-medication Hypothesis Essay Example for Free

Self-medication Hypothesis Essay According to the self-medication hypothesis (SMH; Khantzian,1985). The individuals choice of a particular drug is not accidental or coincidental, but instead, a result of the individual’s psychological condition, as the drug of choice provides relief to the user specific to his or her condition. Specifically, addiction is hypothesized to function as a compensatory means to modulate effects and treat distressful psychological states, whereby individuals choose the drug that will most appropriately manage their specific type of psychiatric distress and help them achieve emotional stability. Alcohol use may relieve anxiety, for this reason alcohol consumption is reinforcing particularly when consumed in stressful condition. Drinking can improve mood and social adjustments, remove stress and burdens. As stated to the SMH the choice of a particular drug is a result of the individual’s psychological condition, socially anxious people might be expected to use alcohol as a coping action in try at self-medication and to manage their anxiety. Based on the Drive Reduction Theory (Clark Hull, 1943) the reduction of drives is the primary force behind motivation. In his theory, Hull used the term drive to refer to the state of tension or arousal caused by biological or physiological needs. A drive creates an unpleasant state; a tension that needs to be reduced. In order to reduce this state of tension, humans and animals seek out ways to fulfil these biological needs. Drive theory is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain psychological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied. Drinking alcohol is a way for socially anxious people to reduce their anxiety, so every time they will engage to a social situation they will use alcohol for conditioning and strengthening. As Hull suggested, humans and animals will then repeat any behaviour that reduces their drives. Based on Decision theory every action at least implicitly represents a decision under uncertainty: in a state of partial knowledge, something has to be done, even if that something turns out to be nothing. Even if you dont know how you make decisions, decisions do get made, and so there has to be some underlying mechanism. The said theory states how people with social anxiety decide. They decide to use alcohol to reduce their anxiety, to handle with the symptoms or to try to get away from it. Since alcohol has a soothing effect and produces a sense of thrill and decreased shyness apparently providing relief from anxiety.